Bushewa

Duk inda zamba: mashahuri 10 waɗanda launin gashi na halitta tabbas zai ba ku mamaki

Zaɓi kowane ɗayan waɗannan tabarau masu zafi - suna da kyau don pores sanyi. Masu ba da izini na duniya sun ambaci halaye 10 na canza launin gashi don hunturu 2018 kuma sun faɗi yadda za a sami irin wannan sakamako. Kuma mu, ba shakka, mun yanke shawarar raba wannan bayanin tare da ku! Babu matsala idan kun kasance mai launin shuɗi, mai farin gashi, ja, mai launin shuɗi ko mai ruwan gwaiwa - akwai zaɓi mai kyau da gaye ga kowane launi na gashi.

Babban yanayin wannan kakar shine yalwatacce, yalwace kuma mafi inuwa mai kyau.

1. Mai farin jini a cikin dumama (Bella Heathcote)

Don cimma tasirin zurfin launi, ya zama dole don ƙara makullai masu duhu zuwa gashi mai haske. Don kyakkyawan sakamako, tambayi mai aski ɗinku don sanya ku tsarin walƙiya ko ƙaddamar da ƙirar halitta - don haka gashinku zai sami ƙarin haske da cikawa. Yana da kyau a lura cewa a yayin wata alama ta zinar, kamar ta 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Bella Heathcote, wata fuska mai dumbin yawa tana da amfani.

2. M Blonde (Su Joo Pak)

Tashin bakin beige hanya ce da za a bi daga matattarar ka na platinum mai sanyi zuwa mai dumin wuta amma har yanzu akwai ƙirar platinum, kamar Su Joo Pak's. Amma Stylists ba da shawarar ƙoƙarin cimma wannan launi a gida ba. Babu damuwa idan gashinku mai gashi ne ko kuma kuna shirin fenti ne - ku gaya wa mai gyara gashin ku cewa irin inuwa da kuke son samu sabani, kuma zai bayar da mafi kyawun zabuka.

3. Platinum Blonde (Selena Gomez)

Ee, launi na platinum har yanzu yana dacewa kuma ba zai bar mu nan gaba ba. An kuma shawarci Stylists su magance sha'awar yin irin wannan canza launi akan kansu. Zai fi kyau ka je salon ka tambaya idan gashinka na da koshin lafiya ka sauƙaƙa shi a irin wannan matakin. Idan amsar ita ce ee, to amintar da saura zuwa ga maigidan. Af, idan kuna son sabon inuwa na gashin Selena Gomez Nirvana Blonde, to, sai ku nemi mai canza launinku ya yi tasirin tushen-gashi (kamar dai (! Tushen sun girma)).

4. Laushi mai laushi (Zendaya)

'Yar wasan Amurka kuma mawaƙa Zendaya ita ce cikakkiyar misali ta inuwa mai laushi mai laushi. Wannan launi cikakke ne ga kowace yarinya mai launin shuɗi ko gashi mai launin ruwan kasa wanda ke son gwada sabon abu da gaye. Nemi fenti mai alamar “launin ruwan kasa-matsakaici” (launin ruwan kasa) ko “matsakaici-zuwa-haske launin ruwan kasa” (launin ruwan-matsakaici) a cikin shago.

5. Caramel (Lily-Rose Depp)

Gashi mai launin shuɗi tare da ɗanɗano na tofiya, kamar na Lily-Rose Depp, rinare mai ban mamaki da yawa. Ana samun launin launin ruwan '' ƙonewa 'tare da tintin launin ruwan hoda - wannan shine zaka iya samun sakamako iri iri. Wannan inuwa mai kyau sosai, amma tana da kyau sosai. Yadda za a maimaita shi? Idan kuna da gashi mai duhu, to ku tattauna batun karin haske tare da mai aske, kuma idan kun kasance masu fara'a, duba fenti mai taken "terra-cotta" (terracotta), “auburn matsakaici” (launin ruwan kasa) ko “caramel” (caramel).

6. Brond (Jennifer Lopez)

Yi tunani game da gashin gashi (haɗuwa da launin ruwan kasa da inuwa mai haske) tare da tushe mai zurfi da maƙulli na zinariya. Irin wannan inuwa ba kawai zai sa sautin fata ya yi zafi ba, har ma zai ba da gashi kyakkyawa da lafiya, kamar dai kuna “ɗauke da” wani lokacin bazara tare da ku. Don samun wannan launi, masu Stylists suna ba da shawara don juya ga ƙwararru - tare da tsaftace kai da kanka akwai haɗarin samun ƙarin mayukan ruwan lemu fiye da yadda kuke buƙata. Kuma idan kun riga kun yi bronding, amma a cikin nau'in platinum ko ashy, to kuyi ƙoƙarin yin ƙirar halitta (ƙanƙanuwa) tare da tasirin zinare - don haka ku cika inuwarku ta launi tare da launi na zuma-caramel (kamar dai Jay Lo).

7. Red zakara (Isla Fisher)

Idan gashin ku mai haske ne mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai haske na halitta, amma kuna so ku bayyana ta hanyar sexy (alal misali, kamar Isla Fisher), sannan ku kalli inuwa mai launin ja, Kuna iya saurin zuwa gare shi kuma ba za ku ji canje-canje na mahaukaci ba, amma tabbas zai zama sabon abu mai ban sha'awa. Nemi alamomin “jan ƙarfe” (jan ƙarfe) da “strawberry” (strawberry) a fenti don amfani gida ko rajista don kayan adon kyau.

8. Dark cakulan tare da karin haske launin ruwan kasa (Jenna Ashkowitz)

Wannan sigar mai haske da ƙarfin hali cikakke ne don brunettes. Kyakkyawan inuwa mai cakulan-ƙwallo tare da makullin launin ruwan kasa a ƙarshen zai ƙara ɗanɗano da kuma dacewa da kallon ku. Bugu da kari, kwararan fitila za su zazzage fuska, su kara haske, kuma su ba da karin gashi. Nemi zane mai taken "mai wadatar fata, launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan hoda tare da sautunan zinariya", amma ya fi kyau a juya ga mai gyara gashi tare da irin wannan ra'ayin - wannan shine yadda zaku sami sakamako mai yawa kamar na 'yar wasan Amurka kuma mawaƙa Jenna Ashkowitz.

9. Gaku mai duhu tare da lafazin ja (Kim Kardashian)

Idan kuna son samun zurfin, kusan baki, amma har yanzu inuwa mai launin ruwan kasa tare da launin shuɗi, kamar Kim Kardashian, to ku nemi zane mai alama "launin ruwan kasa mai zurfi" (launin ruwan kasa mai zurfi) ko "duhu mai duhu" (duhu kirji). Amma ga masu jan launi mai launin ja, yana da kyau a tuntuɓi mai Stylist.

10. An cika launin ruwan kasa-baki tare da tints (Rihanna)

A kallon farko da alama Rihanna tana da shuɗar kashi ɗari, amma duba da kyau: gashinta yayi kama da ban mamaki, saboda launi ne mai zurfi fiye da baki kawai. Yana shimfidar fuska tare da tabarau mai duhu mai duhu, yana jaddada sautin fata. Duba cikin shagunan don zane tare da zane mai launin "duhu mafi duhu" (launin duhu sosai), "launin ruwan kasa-baki" (launin ruwan kasa-baki), ko tuntuɓar mai jiran gado.

1. Jennifer Aniston

Jen ya ba da tasirin aikin kusanto, amma ba da daɗewa ba kyakkyawa "Rahila" Rahila daga abokai. Duka tsararrun 'yan mata suna azabtar da masu aski tare da neman a yi musu gashi “kamar Rahila”. Amma kalilan daga cikinsu sun yi zargin cewa ta yanayin Aniston mace ce mai launin fari mai launin fari. Me kuke so daga yarinya mai tushen Girka?

2. Nicole Kidman

Nicole daga Moulin Rouge ko Eyes Wide Shut shine madaidaicin tarihin 'yan matan masu launin ja. Duk da gaskiyar cewa actress ta kasance da aminci ga amintacciyar mawakiya shekaru da yawa. Kodayake launi na halitta da kyau na Ostiraliya ya zama kawai ja. Gaskiya ne, duhu sosai fiye da kan allo. An hada curls, freckles da blush.

5. Sophie Turner (Sansa Stark daga Game da Al'arshi)

Kamar yawancin kwalejoji, 'yar wasan Burtaniya ta zama sanannen godiya ga Game of Thrones. Sophie yana kama da rawar jiki a cikin rawar Sansa mai launin jan-ja, cewa kowa ya manta da launin fatarta - wata rawar sanyi ce. Kodayake a tsakanin lokutan "Game", kyakkyawa tana yin wanka, tana dawo da inuwarta na asali.

6. Britney Spears

Shin duk tsafin America ba zai iya zama mai farin gashi ba? Masu yin hoton tauraron da suka tashi sama sun yanke shawarar kada su dauki kasada kuma su sanya kayan gargajiya a Britney a ƙarshen shekarun 90s masu haskakawa. Kodayake 'yan shekaru kafin hakan, Spears ya yi nasara a cikin Disney Mickey Mouse Show a cikin launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa.

7. Uwargidan Gaga

Stephanie Germanotta - sauti ko ta yaya rikitarwa ga pop icon, dama? Anan shine tauraro na nan gaba kuma ya yanke shawarar yin watsi da asalin tushen Italiyanci mai zafi, kuma tare da su duhu gashi. Duk don hoton futuristic mai farin gashi Lady Gaga. Tabbas, wannan gwajin ya kasance nasara bisa mamaki.

8. Dita Von Teese

Nasarar Dita ta kawo hoton tauraron sanyi mai zafi mai zafi. Kuma, tabbas, ma'amala tsakanin Mai Girma da Mummunar Marilyn Manson. Fata Alabaster, gashi mai launi mai duhu - yana da wuya a iya tsayayya da bugun gothic. Ina mamakin idan Manson ya san cewa yarinyar mafarkin ta mai launin fata ce? Haka ne, kuma tare da irin wannan sunan mai dadi da "pop" kamar Heather Sweet? Af, Dita yanzu yana da shekaru 45. Wannan bayanin kula ne.

Madonna da Lady Gaga suna da yawa daidai. Ba wai kawai ƙaunar m da m damar iya magana ba, har ma daga asalin Italiyanci da canji mai mahimmanci a cikin “launi”. Ina mamakin idan divas din ya yi nasara ba tare da gyaran fure ba?

10. Marilyn Monroe

Abin mamaki shine, babban abin da ke sananne a al'adun pop shine mace mai launin ruwan kasa. Ko da yake Norma ba ta da kyau kafin ta zama Marilyn, ba dalili ba ne cewa sun ce launin gashi na iya canza rabo. Don haka kada ku yarda bayan haka.

Bayyanar da gaske ƙaddara ce a harkar kasuwanci. Menene waɗannan 10 shahararrun yan wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda suka tsayayya ƙi tsufa.

Shin kuna son labarin? To ku ​​tallafa mana latsa:

Megan Fox

Megan Fox ta canza launin gashinta duhu sau ɗaya kawai, tana yin ombre da haske ƙarshen. Koyaya, gwajin kyakkyawa bai daɗe ba, kuma ba da daɗewa ba tauraron dangi ya sake komawa zuwa inuwar cakulan sanyi

Monica Bellucci

Hatta waɗanda ba su taɓa kallon fina-finai tare da kasancewarta sun san wannan Italiyanci ba (duk da cewa muna shakkar cewa har yanzu waɗannan mutane suna wanzu). Monica ita ce mai mallakin chic, gashi mai duhu. 'Yar wasan ta fi son inuwa mai duhu cakulan. Bellucci ya ce ba ya wanke gashinsa fiye da sau biyu a mako don kada ya bushe gashinsa, kuma a lokaci guda yana gurɓata shamfu da ruwan ma'adinai don rage haɗarin sinadaran. Mafi kyawun abin rufe fuska bisa ga actress shine man zaitun. Monica ba ta amfani da gashin gashi a rayuwar yau da kullun kuma tana ƙoƙarin tsara gashinta ba tare da yiwu ba tare da taimakon baƙin ƙarfe.

Katherine Zeta-Jones

Hoton allo akan Catherine Zeta-Jones: dogon gashi da kayan shafa tare da karfafa idanu. Lokacin da aka fara aiki, makullin 'yar wasan ya gangara ƙasa da kugu. Bayan haka, kadan bayan haka, Katherine ya rabu biyu da irin wannan tsayin, kuma fuskoki masu yawan inuwa sun bayyana a gashinta. Masoyin wasan kwaikwayo da aka fi so: cakuda giya da zuma. Bayan aikin, Katherine ta shafa gashinta da ruwa da ruwan lemo don kawar da kamshin.

Liv Tyler

'Yar mawaƙin "Aerosmith" Liv Tyler fiye da sau ɗaya ya jagoranci TOP na mata kyawawan mata a Hollywood. 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo da abin kwaikwayo sun taka rawar farko a cikin tauraruwar fim ɗin "Armagedon", bayan haka ta farka da shahara. Shekaru da yawa, Liv ta kasance da aminci ga launi mai duhu na gashinta, kuma babban ɓatarta lokacin wanke kawuna shine yin amfani da adadi mai sanyaya gashi mai yawa.

Mila Kunis

Tuni sau biyu mahaifiya da actress tare da tushen Yukren Mila Kunis tabbatacciyar iska ce. Koyaya, wani lokacin mai aiwatar da ɗayan manyan ayyukan fim ɗin "Black Swan" yana ƙara laushi ga hotonta tare da taimakon lamuran wuta. Mila ya dogara ne da kofi mai ƙarfi. Cikakken hoton yana bayar da saƙar zuma ta kowane tsayi.

Bella Hadid

Kwanan nan, wata yarinya mai shekaru 21 ta gigice masoyanta tare da hoto inda ta bayyana a cikin hoton wata shuɗi tare da ƙarewar ruwan hoda a wannan kakar. Ba su nuna godiya ga irin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen kyakkyawa masu ban tsoro ba kuma suna roƙon Bella ta dawo da launi mai duhu mai sanyi. Don jin daɗin magoya baya masu tayar da hankali, ƙirar ta hanzarta sake shiga cikin brunettes, kawai cire wig ɗin ta.

Emily Ratzkowski

Nasarar Emily Ratzkowski ta kawo harbi a cikin bidiyon "Lines mara haske" Robin Thicke. Duk da cewa an cire asalin daga juyawa, wannan bai hana yarinyar zama budurwa ba. Emily ta sa ta fara halarta tare da launin gashi mai santsi, mai baƙi. Koyaya, a ɗan ɗan gajeren lokaci, ƙirar ta haskaka tukwici kaɗan, wanda ya ba shi hoto na sabo da rashin kulawa.

Keira Knightley

Da zaran Keira Knightley bai yi gwaji da tsarinta ba: ta sa wani ɗan gajeren aski, yanke wani ƙaramin tsayi, tafiya tare da yankewar saurayi, har ma ya kasance kyakkyawa. Duk da haka, duk waɗannan gwaje-gwajen da actress suka ƙare daidai wannan hanya: ta sake fentin cikin duhu. Kuma ba abin mamaki bane - wannan hoton daga nau'in kayan gashi da salo shine mafi nasara.

Sharuɗɗa don zaɓar launi na gashi kamar bikin shahararrun mata

Yawancin 'yan mata suna tunanin samun launin gashi kamar na shahararrun mutane. Wasu don wannan suna zuwa salo tare da hotunan mawakin da suka fi so ko mai wasan kwaikwayo, yayin da wasu suke ƙoƙarin maimaita inuwa a gida. A kowane hali, bai kamata a rufe ido da ido ba - kafin rufe kai, da farko dole ne a tantance yanayin abubuwan da ke ciki, tsarinsu da sautinsu. Don sauƙaƙe ko launi launuka a cikin hanyar Jennifer Aniston, Ani Lorak ko Beyonce, ya zama dole daga maigidan amintaccen.

Shahararrun shahararrun inuwa gashi

Kwanan nan, yawancin mashahuri na Rasha da taurarin Hollywood sun fi son zaɓar inuwa ta halitta na curls lokacin da suke nuna alama ko launi. Masana kimiyar duniya sunyi la'akari da mafi kyawun yanayin da dabi'ar sifofin da kyawun surar. Wannan salon ana kiransa NUDE. Kalmar tana nufin dabi'a da kyawun halitta. Ko da yaushe Vera Brezhnev, Jennifer Aniston, Megan Fox da sauran shahararrun masu mallakar salon gyara gashi suna da kyau.

Don samun irin wannan kyakkyawan launi kamar Tyra Banks, Ani Lorak, Angelina Jolie ko Beyonce, kuna buƙatar samun madafan curls mai ƙoshin lafiya waɗanda ba su lalata curls ko sunadarai na dogon lokaci. Amfani da takaddun launuka masu launi mai inganci tare da waken taya, zai baka damar sayan abubuwan canzawa kamar mawaƙa Nyusha, Nina Dobrev da Victoria Boni.

Taurari suna amfani da waɗancan fasahar rufewa:

  • Jennifer Lopez, Jennifer Aniston da Vera Brezhneva suna da farin jini, suna samun tasirin ƙulle-ƙone a kan farin gashi. A cikin Victoria Boni, Tyra Banks, ana yin fure akan farar fata mai duhu, wanda ke haifar da tasirin haske.
  • Jessica Alba, Beyonce da Ani Lorak sun fi son fasahar ombre tare da sauyi mai kyau na kulle daga duhu zuwa inuwa mai haske. Mawaƙin Nyusha ne ya yi launuka iri ɗaya. A kan dogon curls, irin wannan juyawa yana kallon abin mamaki, mai salo.
  • Makullan Nina Dobrev, Megan Fox ko Angelina Jolie suna da launi mai duhu na halitta. Waɗannan baƙin cakulan suna ɗaukar kowa da kowa tare da gashin launin ruwan kasa mai launin shuɗi tare da haske mai ban sha'awa.

Blonding gashi

Mafi yawan saƙar taurarin Hollywood shine launin launin gashi na Jennifer Lopez. Yawancin 'yan mata suna mamakin menene inuwarta ta halitta, ba fahimtar fasahar canza launi ba. Sirrin abu ne mai sauki - kyakkyawa Lopez yana amfani da farin gashi don haskaka makullin wuta kuma ya basu sakamako mai ƙonewa. Hakanan ake amfani da irin wannan kayan bushewa ta mawaƙa Vera Brezhneva, shahararren ɗan wasan Hollywood Jennifer Aniston.

Victoria Boni da Tyra Banks suna da gashin mai farin gashi wanda aka yi akan inuwa mai launin gashi. Godiya ga wannan, ana samun launuka masu dumbin yawa, masu launuka masu haske, mai haske mai haske da haske mai farin haske. Fata mai duhu na samfurin Tyra Banks yana ƙara curls na haske mai haske, mai ban mamaki da kuma sautunan launuka.

Jennifer Aniston, kamar Vera Brezhneva, zaɓi farin fure na asali tare da tasirin ƙona abubuwa saboda kyakkyawan fata, launin shuɗi.

Wannan shi ne abin da Vera Brezhneva yayi kama da gashinta na zahiri:

A cikin wannan hoto, Vera Brezhneva yana haskaka ƙwanƙwalwar ƙofar ƙofa a cikin salon mai farin gashi:

Hakanan an tabbatar da haskaka curls Jennifer Aniston ta hanyar mai farin jini:

Theaukarwar Victoria Bonnie ta ɓoye saboda madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya ba ta zama mara nauyi:

Imageaƙƙarfan hoto na Tyra Banks yana sanya ta ban da yawancin mashahuri tare da manyan bayanai:

Don kiyaye tasirin bunƙasa na dogon lokaci, Vera Brezhneva da Jennifer Aniston suna haskaka gashin gashinsu sau ɗaya a mako tare da wakilai na toka. Wannan hanyar tana amfani da ire-iren silsiyoyin Tyra Banks, suna ba ta kulle-kullen duhu cike da farin jini mai cike da farin hoto.

Ombre rufewa

Jessica Alba, Beyonce da Ani Lorak suna zaɓar sauye sauye na yanayin ombre tare da sautunan duhu na halitta. Wannan zaɓi na canza launi yana ba wa masu shahararrun damar jaddada yawa na curls, sautin fata mai duhu tare da kyakkyawar fuskar fuska. Ana amfani da waƙar Beyoncé don gwaji, canza kamanninta tare da salon gyara gashi, duk da haka, fasahar ombre ta fi dacewa da ita. Ani Lorak mai launin duhu mai duhu ya iya farfado da salon rayuwa mai kyau, yana haskaka ƙarshen a launuka mai haske.

Mashahurin mashahuri sun fi son zaɓuɓɓukan ombre masu zuwa:

  • Jessica Alba ta zabi wani irin launi mai ma'ana na canzawa, tana ba gashinta wani kyakkyawan haske.
  • Mawaƙa Nyusha ta yi shagala a kan ƙwallonta tana da ƙarfi sosai, yana ƙarfafa matasa da yadda ta dace da fata. Haske yana mamaye ƙarshen ƙasan yana kama da salo da na halitta.
  • Beyoncé tana zaɓar sauyin launi mai kaifi daga duhu zuwa haske zuwa rawaya. Wannan yana ba fuskarta wani sirri, saurayi.
  • Mawaƙa Ani Lorak sun jaddada tukwici, suna zane su da launuka masu haske. Wannan zabin canzawa ya ba yarinyar damar jaddada salon da aka gyara.

A cikin wannan hoton, Jessica Alba tana nuna kwalliyar kwalliyar ta ga magoya bayanta:

Ombre mai launin gashi a kan gashin matasa Nyusha yayi kyau:

Beyonce tare da ombre mai haske suna kallon mai salo, ba na mata ba:

Ani Lorak a hankali gwaje-gwaje tare da rusa makullan, yana walkiya kawai iyakar lokacin farin ciki:

Zaɓin wannan fasaha don haskaka tukwici, dole ne da farko jaddada haske na launin gashi mai duhu. Masters a cikin ɗakin farko suna yin canza launin sautin-on-sautin, daɗa ɗan ɗan saturation zuwa inuwa ta halitta. Bayan wannan, tare da taimakon mai ba da izini, ƙarshen an ƙare. Yawan ambaliyar ruwa na iya zama mai taushi, musanyawa ko kuma ba a iya lura dashi gwargwadon launi na halitta.

Yawancin tabarau na cakulan

Yawancin 'yan mata sun yi burin zama masu haske, kamar yawancin' yan wasan Hollywood. Ana iya ganin wannan launi a kan gashin Angelina Jolie, Nina Dobrev ko Megan Fox. Wadannan sanannun Hollywood suna zaɓar launin ruwan cakulan mai duhu tare da bayanin kula tabarau mai launin ruwan kasa ko sautunan ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallo.

Gashin gashin Angelina Jolie kusan koyaushe yana zama mai sassauya, wanda zai baka damar bincika dalla-dalla game da kamanninsu da ƙoshin lafiya. Jolie da wuya ta canza launi da igiyoyinta, yin hakan kawai saboda wasu matsayi. 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo ta kasance da aminci ga salonta tsawon shekaru. Megan Fox kuma yana nuna kyawawan launuka na gashi, wanda ya bambanta a cikin roba mai ɗorewa duk da shekarun sa.

Hanyoyin launuka daban-daban a sassan Hollywood ana rarrabe su ta hanyar abubuwan da suke gani:

  • Angelina Jolie's curls suna da launin ruwan kasa mai launin shuɗi tare da shekin haske mai haske,
  • Megan Fox gashi yana da launi mai narkewa, launin duhu mai duhu,
  • Gwanin kayan kwalliyar Nina Dobrev tare da sautunan launin ruwan kasa mai ruwan sanyi sannan ta zubar da haske mai duhu.

Makullin Angelina Jolie koyaushe suna kallon m:

Haske na gashi a Megan Fox an san shi da jijiyar wuya, ƙoshin farin ciki ne mai ban sha'awa:

Hoto na Nina Dobrev mai salo na musamman wanda ke nuna launi mai kyau na gashinta kyawawa:

Stylists Dobrev da Megan Fox suna muryar dabi'ar ma'ana tare da shamfu masu santsi, ba su haskaka da farin balms. Wannan yana ba ku damar ƙara curls na radiance na dogon lokaci, don sa gashin ya kasance mai haske da kyan gani.

Wanne na inuwa na kayan ado don zaɓar ya dogara da nau'in gashi, tsari da kamanninsa. Don samun launi kamar na shahararrun mashahuran, yakamata kuyi gwaji tare da paints ko shamfu na shamsu. Yana da kyau a tuntuɓi masters kwararru don canza launi na kulle-kuli, mai farin gashi mai gashi.